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One study (142 participants) found no evidence of a difference between ILC + TAU and TAU alone for the adverse event of death (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.04 to 4.54 very low‐certainty evidence) or incarceration (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.86 very low‐certainty evidence) for outpatients between three and nine months follow‐up.Ĭontingency management (CM) + SM versus SM One study (118 participants) found no evidence of a difference between ILC + TAU and TAU for trait aggression (assessed with Buss‐Perry Aggression Questionnaire‐Short Form) for outpatients at nine months (MD 0.07, CI −0.35 to 0.49 very low‐certainty evidence). Impulsive lifestyle counselling (ILC) + TAU versus TAU One study (39 participants) found no evidence of a difference between CBT + TAU and TAU for social functioning (mean difference (MD) −1.60 points, 95% CI −5.21 to 2.01 very low‐certainty evidence), measured by the Social Functioning Questionnaire (SFQ range = 0‐24), for outpatients at 12 months post‐intervention. One study (52 participants) found no evidence of a difference between CBT + TAU and TAU for physical aggression (odds ratio (OR) 0.92, 95% CI 0.28 to 3.07 low‐certainty evidence) for outpatients at 12 months post‐intervention. Risk of bias was high for 13% of criteria, unclear for 54% and low for 33%.Ĭognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) + TAU versus TAU Eleven studies (58%) were funded by research councils.

Most participants (75%) were male the mean age was 35.5 years. Study duration ranged from 4 to 156 weeks (median = 26 weeks). Data were available from only 10 studies involving 605 participants.Įight studies were conducted in the UK and North America, and one each in Iran, Denmark and the Netherlands. Eight of the 18 psychological interventions reported data on our primary outcomes.įour studies focussed exclusively on participants with AsPD, and 15 on subgroups of participants with AsPD. This review includes 19 studies (eight new to this update), comparing a psychological intervention against TAU (also called 'standard Maintenance'(SM) in some studies).